What Is the Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)? How to Calculate and Reduce COPQ
Teams that catch defects early spend less on rework, move faster through audits, and protect the margins that fund their next program. A big part of how they get there is managing cost of poor quality (COPQ), which can consume five to 35 percent of revenue in manufacturing companies and often goes untracked until an audit or recall forces it into the open.
This guide covers what COPQ is, how to calculate it, where the biggest costs accumulate, and how to shift spending from failure correction to prevention.
What Is the Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)?
Cost of poor quality (COPQ) is the total cost a team pays when something goes wrong, from internal scrap and rework to external recalls and warranty claims. In quality engineering, it covers everything that would disappear if there were no deficiencies, no errors, and no failures.
Most quality programs treat COPQ as a subset of total cost of quality (COQ). Here is how the breakdown works:
- Cost of good quality (COGQ): Prevention costs + appraisal costs.
- Cost of poor quality (COPQ): Internal failure costs + external failure costs.
- Total cost of quality (COQ): COGQ + COPQ.
That breakdown is useful because it separates what you spend on purpose (prevention and appraisal) from what you lose when things go wrong (internal and external failures).
COPQ typically falls [between five to 35 percent of sales revenue in manufacturing companies. In companies without well-developed quality programs, failure costs have historically consumed 60 to 70 percent of total quality costs, while prevention received just five to 10 percent.
The Four Categories of Quality Costs
So if failure costs are consuming that much revenue, where exactly is it going? The Prevention-Appraisal-Failure (PAF model) divides quality costs into four categories. Two represent investments (prevention and appraisal) and two represent losses (internal and external failures).
Prevention Costs
Prevention includes requirements engineering, design failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), risk management per ISO 14971, supplier qualification, and quality planning. Every dollar spent here tends to save multiples downstream because it stops defects from entering the system in the first place.
Appraisal Costs
Appraisal is what teams spend to detect defects that already exist. Incoming inspection, integration testing, independent verification and validation (IV&V), calibration, and third-party certification audits all fit here.
Internal Failure Costs
This is where a defect is found before release, but the team still pays for it. Scrap, rework, failed test reruns, nonconforming product disposition, and Material Review Board processing all belong here.
External Failure Costs
External failure costs hit when a defect reaches the field, the customer, or the regulator. In 2025, NHTSA issued 997 recalls affecting more than 29 million vehicles, and large-scale program failures in aerospace and automotive have accumulated costs in the tens of billions when quality gaps went undetected through multiple development phases.
In regulated products, the stakes are even higher. FDA Class I recalls can cost millions in direct expenses before accounting for reputational damage and regulatory scrutiny.
How to Calculate COPQ
Calculating COPQ is straightforward once you know where to look. The tricky part is capturing the costs that don’t show up in your budget as line items.
The COPQ Formula
COPQ = Internal Failure Costs + External Failure Costs
The broader COQ formula adds prevention and appraisal:
COQ = (Prevention + Appraisal) + (Internal Failure + External Failure)
A common executive KPI is COPQ as a percentage of revenue: (Internal Failure Costs + External Failure Costs) ÷ Sales Revenue × 100.
For example, say a medical device team ships 10,000 units in a quarter. Internal failures, including scrap and rework on rejected assemblies, cost $150,000. External failures, covering warranty claims and one field corrective action, cost $800,000. Total COPQ is $950,000. Against $5M in quarterly revenue, that is 19% of sales going to failure costs, well within the range where most of the quality budget is being consumed by reaction rather than prevention.
Visible vs. Hidden Quality Costs
The costs you can see (scrap, warranty claims, rework labor) are only part of the picture. Hidden costs like engineering time lost to firefighting, delayed launches, and lost customer trust often run 4-5x higher. A $50,000 warranty charge can easily become $250,000 once you factor in the root cause investigation, the three-week launch delay, and the customer trust lost on the next renewal cycle.
Common Metrics and Benchmarks
The most useful metrics are the ones that show where failure costs are piling up. For internal failures, track scrap rate, first pass yield, rework hours, and defects per unit. For external failures, track warranty cost per unit, customer return rate, and recall costs. The COQ ratio also helps you see whether your quality program is weighted toward prevention or toward failure response.
Root Causes of COPQ
In complex, regulated product development, COPQ usually does not start on the shop floor or in the field. It starts earlier, when unclear requirements, weak verification, and broken traceability let defects travel downstream.
Incomplete or Ambiguous Requirements
Roughly half of all software defects originate in the requirements phase, and the majority of rework costs trace back to requirement errors, whether missing, wrong, or unnecessary. Regulatory bodies like the FAA stress the need for clear, complete requirements in software and computing system development. If the requirement is wrong, incomplete, or vague, every downstream artifact inherits that weakness.
Insufficient Testing and Verification
Defect correction costs rise sharply the later they are found, and the increase is far from linear. Correcting a defect during design costs roughly 3-8x more than catching it during requirements, 7-16x more during build, and 29x to over 1,000x more during operations, depending on the system and industry. By the time a defect shows up in verification, you end up fixing every artifact built on top of that original requirement.
Poor Traceability Across the Development Lifecycle
Complete traceability directly decreases defect rates: teams working with traceability performed 21% faster and produced 60% more correct solutions than those without it.
When a requirement changes and test cases are not updated to match, risk inputs go stale and coverage gaps go unseen. This is especially common when the traceability chain is spread across disconnected tools, where COPQ accumulates quietly across handoffs until rework, schedule delays, or audit findings force it into the open.
How COPQ Shows Up in Different Industries
Every industry feels COPQ differently, but the pattern is worth understanding before you try to fix it.
Manufacturing and Production
Manufacturing teams see COPQ most visibly in warranty claims, scrap, and rework labor. Scrap rates and first-pass yield are typically the first metrics to watch because they give the clearest signal of where quality controls are falling short.
Medical Devices and Regulated Products
For medical device teams, the traceability needed to show that verification is complete often becomes the largest compliance cost driver, and gaps in that chain usually surface during audits or submissions instead of during development. A single FDA Class I recall can cost millions in direct expenses before accounting for the reputational damage and regulatory scrutiny that follows.
Software and Complex Systems Development
Software teams feel COPQ through defect fixes, delayed releases, outage recovery, and the operational disruption that follows. Teams that track what percentage of sprint capacity goes to bug fixes often find that poor requirements quality is consuming 30-50% of their engineering time.
How to Reduce COPQ
Most COPQ starts upstream, so the most effective reductions come from moving effort upstream too. Here are three approaches that consistently work:
Build Quality Into Your QMS From the Start
In regulated environments, some appraisal activities are mandatory under FDA, FAA, or NHTSA oversight, but you can reduce discretionary inspection and manual recovery by improving what happens earlier in development. Organizations that embedded quality into their process saw significant improvements in both operational costs and revenue. A key part of that is Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA): when each failure investigation feeds a systemic fix back into your prevention process, COPQ drops over time instead of recurring.
Use COPQ-Weighted Pareto Analysis to Prioritize Fixes
Two processes can have the same defect count but very different financial exposure. A Pareto analysis weighted by dollar impact is more useful than ranking by frequency alone, because a rare traceability gap that delays a submission can cost more than a frequent but low-impact defect. Going after the top three cost drivers first usually produces the fastest return.
Track COPQ Monthly and Tie It to Process Changes
Quality engineer Joseph Juran outlined a three-part approach that still holds up today: plan quality into your processes, control performance so it doesn’t degrade, and systematically reduce chronic waste. The most effective teams we’ve seen apply this by measuring COPQ monthly against prior-year costs and tying each improvement to a specific process change, so it’s clear what’s working and what needs more attention.
How Jama Connect Helps Reduce COPQ
When a requirement changes mid-program, every downstream artifact needs to reflect that change. Jama Connect flags suspect relationships when an upstream item changes, so engineers can assess the impact before gaps compound into rework. Across 40,000+ projects, teams with higher traceability scores catch defects faster and cover more verification ground, with top-quartile performers outperforming bottom-quartile counterparts by roughly 2x to 2.5x. After adopting Jama Connect, Arteris IP saw reuse increase by 100%, rework drop by 50%, review cycle time decrease by 30%, and audit prep time fall by 75%.
Jama Connect Advisor™ evaluates each requirement against INCOSE rules and EARS patterns, flagging vague terms and passive voice before they spread downstream. If roughly half of all defects trace back to requirements, catching ambiguity at authoring time is one of the most direct ways to cut COPQ at the source.
How to Turn COPQ Into a Competitive Advantage
COPQ is rarely just a scrap or warranty number. The teams that actually reduce it invest earlier, surface changes sooner, and make it easier to see what is missing before it becomes rework, delay, or recall.
For engineering and quality leaders trying to make that shift, traceability and requirements quality need to be part of daily engineering work. If your team is losing time and budget to rework driven by requirements gaps, start a free 30-day trial to see how upstream visibility reduces downstream cost.
Frequently Asked Questions About COPQ
What is the difference between cost of quality and cost of poor quality?
COQ is the total picture: what you spend to prevent and catch defects (prevention + appraisal) plus what you lose when defects get through (internal + external failures). COPQ is the loss side only. Tracking both helps you see whether your quality budget is weighted toward catching problems or preventing them.
How do you measure COPQ?
Start by tagging every quality-related cost to one of the four PAF categories. For internal failures, track scrap rate, rework hours, and first-pass yield. For external failures, track warranty cost per unit, customer returns, and recall expenses. Express COPQ as a percentage of revenue and review it monthly so you can spot trends and tie improvements to specific process changes.
What is a good COPQ benchmark for my industry?
There is no single target that works across all industries, but 5-35% of revenue is the commonly cited range for manufacturing companies. Teams with mature quality programs spend more on prevention and less on failure, which brings the overall COPQ percentage down over time. Tracking COPQ as a percentage of revenue month over month gives you a trend line to measure improvement against.
How is COPQ different in hardware versus software programs?
In hardware programs, COPQ shows up most visibly in scrap, rework labor, and warranty claims because physical materials and manufacturing time have already been committed. In software programs, the costs are less visible but equally real: defect remediation, delayed releases, outage recovery, and the engineering hours lost to debugging issues that originated in requirements. Both share the same root cause pattern where upstream problems create downstream costs.